Question 1

Occupant Restraints

Accepted Answer

Chaffe R.H.B., Solomon M.G., and Leaf W.A. (May 2008). 2006 Seat Belt Use Estimate for Native American Tribal Reservations. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington, D.C., Report number DOT-HS-810-967   Chaudhary, N.K., Alonge, M.A. and Preusser, D.F., (2005). Evaluation of the Reading PA nighttime safety belt enforcement campaign: September 2004. Journal of Safety Research, 26:321-326.   Chaudhary, N.K., Geary, L.L., and Preusser, D.F., (2005. Connecticut nighttime safety belt use: observed and FARS analyses.  Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, report number DOT HS 809 954.   Chaudhary, NK, and Preusser, DF, (2006). Connecticut nighttime safety belt use. Journal of Safety Research, 37,353-358.   Chaudhary, N.K. and Northrop, V.S. (2004). Predictive models of safety belt use: A regression analysis of MVOSS data. Traffic Injury Prevention.5,137-143.   Chaudhary, N.K.,Solomon, M.G. and Cosgrove, L.A. (2004). The relationship between perceived risk of being ticketed and self-reported seat belt use. Journal of Safety Research, 35 383-390.   Chaudhary, NK , Tison, J and Casanova, TM (2010).The Effects of Maine’s Change to Primary Seat Belt Law on Seat Belt Use and Public Perception and Awareness. Traffic Injury Prevention, 11:165-172.   Chaudhary, NK , Tison, J and Casanova, TM (2010).Evaluation of Maine's Safety Belt Law Change from Secondary to Primary Enforcement. Final Report, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 811 259.   Chaudhary, NK, Leaf, WA, Preusser, DF; Casanova, TD (2010). Guidelines to Observe and Estimate Statewide Seat Belt Use at Night. Final Report, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 811 288   Geary, L.L., Ledingham, K.A. and Maloney, S.C. (2005). Connecticut statewide sTEP wave evaluation. Journal of Safety Research, 26:333-340.   Hedlund, J., Preusser, D.F. and Shults, R.A. (2004). A research agenda for increasing safety belt use in the United States. Journal of Safety Research, 35 231-235.   McCartt, A.T., Geary, L.L., and Solomon, M.G. (2005). Requiring belt use as part of a school parking permit program: Does it increase students' belt use? Traffic Injury Prevention, 6: 120-126.   McCartt, A.T. and Northrup, V.S. (2004). Factors related to seat belt use among fatally injured teenage drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 35 29-38.   Nichols, J.L., Chaudhary, NK, and Tison, J. (2009). The Potential for Nighttime Enforcement and Seat Belt Law Upgrades to Impact Alcohol-Related Deaths Among High-Risk Occupants. Transportation Research Circular, Number E-C132: 187-203.   Nichols, J.L., Haire, E., Solomon, M.G., Ellison-Potter, P. and Cosgrove, L. (2011). Evaluation of Teen Seat Belt Demonstration Projects in Colorado and Nevada. Final Report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, report number DOT HS 811 518.   Nichols, J.L., Tison, J., Solomon, M.G., Ledingham, K.A., & Preusser, D.F. (under review). Evaluation of a Rural Demonstration Program (RDP) to Increase Seat Belt Use in the Great Lakes Region (Final Report). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.   Preusser Research Group, Inc. Achieving a High Seat Belt Use Rate. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, report number DOT HS 809 244, April, 2001.   Preusser, D.F. and Preusser, C.W. Evaluation of Louisiana's Safety Belt Law Change to Primary Enforcement. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, report number DOT HS 808 620, September, 1997.   Preusser, D.F., Solomon, M.G. and Cosgrove, L.A. (2005) Minorities and Primary Versus Secondary Belt Use Enforcement. Transportation Research Circular, E-C072:23-29.   Solomon, M.G. 2001 Seat Belt Use in Connecticut. Final report to the Connecticut Department of Transportation. Preusser Research Group, Inc. Trumbull, CT, January, 2002.   Solomon, M.G. Evaluation of NHTSA's Region IV Click It or Ticket Campaign, May 2001. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., report number DOT HS 809 404, January 2002.   Solomon, M.G., Chaffe, R.H.B., and Cosgrove, L.A.(May 2006). May 2004 Click It or Ticket Safety Belt Mobilization Evaluation. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington, D.C., Report number T-HS-810-716; NTIS-PB2007112256   Solomon, M.G., Compton, R.P., and Preusser D.F. (2004). Taking the Click It or Ticket model nationwide. Journal of Safety Research, 35 197-201.   Solomon, M.G., Geary, L.L., Karsch, H.M. and Leaf, W.A. 2000 Seat Belt Use in Connecticut. Final report to the Connecticut Department of Transportation. Preusser Research Group, Inc. Trumbull, CT, December, 2000.   Solomon, M.G., Gilbert, S.H, Nichols, J, Chaffe, R.H.B., Tison, J, and Chaudhary, N.K. (2007)Evaluation of the May 2005 Click It or Ticket Mobilization to Increase Seat Belt Use. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington, D.C., Report number, DOT HS 810 753.   Solomon, M.G., Karsch, H.M. and Leaf, W.A. 1998 Seat Belt Use in Connecticut. Final report to the Connecticut Department of Transportation. Preusser Research Group, Inc. Trumbull, CT, December, 1998.   Solomon, M.G., Karsch, H.M. and Leaf, W.A. 1999 Seat Belt Use in Connecticut. Final report to the Connecticut Department of Transportation. Preusser Research Group, Inc. Trumbull, CT, November, 1999.   Solomon, M.G., Leaf, W.A. and Nissen W.J. Process and Outcome Evaluation: The Buckle Up America Initiative. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., report number DOT HS 809 272, July, 2001.   Solomon, M.G., Nissen, W.J. and Preusser, D.F. Occupant Protection Special Traffic Enforcement Program Evaluation. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., available NTIS report number DOT HS 808 884, April, 1999.   Solomon, M.G., Preusser, D.F. and Nissen W.J. Evaluation of Maryland, Oklahoma and the District of Columbia's Seat Belt Law Change to Primary Enforcement. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., report number DOT HS 809 213, March, 2001.   Solomon, M.G., Ulmer, R.G. and Preusser, D.F. Evaluation of Click It or Ticket Model Programs. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., report number DOT HS 809 498, September 2002.   Solomon, M.G., Weinstein, H.B., Nissen, W.J. and Preusser, D.F. National Child Safety Seat Distribution Program Evaluation. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., available NTIS report number DOT HS 808 869, May, 1999.   Tison, J., and Williams, A.F. (2010). Analyzing the First Years of the Click It or Ticket High Visibility Enforcement Mobilizations. Final Report, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington DC. DOT HS 811 232.   Tison, J., and Williams, A.F., & Chaudhary, N.K. (2010). Daytime and Nighttime Seat Belt Use by Fatally Injured Passenger Vehicle Occupants. Final Report, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington DC. DOT HS 811 281   Tison, J., Williams, A. F., Chaudhary, N. K., & Nichols, J. L. (2011, September). Determining the Relationship of Primary Seat Belt Laws to Minority Ticketing. (Final Report. Report No. DOT HS 811 535). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.   Tison, J., Solomon, M.G., Nichols, J., Gilbert, S.H., Siegler, J.N., & Cosgrove, L.A. (2008). May 2006 Click It or Ticket Seat Belt Mobilization Evaluation: Final Report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, report number DOT HS 810 979.   Ulmer, R.G., Preusser, C.W. and Preusser, D.F. Evaluation of California's Safety Belt Law Change to Primary Enforcement. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Contract Number DTNH22-92-D-05270, December, 1993.   Ulmer, R.G., Preusser, C.W. and Preusser, D.F. Evaluation of Georgia's Safety Belt Law Change from Secondary to Primary Enforcement. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Contract Number DTNH22-94-D-05044 (under review).   Ulmer, R.G., Preusser, C.W., Preusser, D.F. and Cosgrove, L.A. Evaluation of California's safety belt law change from secondary to primary enforcement. Journal of Safety Research, 1995, 26(4), 213-220.   Wells, J.K., Preusser, D.F. and Williams, A.F. Enforcing Alcohol-Impaired Driving and Seat Belt Use Laws, Binghamton, New York. Journal of Safety Research, 1992, 23, 63-71. Williams, A.F., McCartt, A.T. and Geary, L. Seatbelt use by high school students. Injury Prevention, 2003, 9, 25-28.   Williams, A.F., Wells, J.K., McCartt, A.T., and Preusser, D.F. Buckle Up NOW! An Enforcement program to achieve high belt use. Journal of Safety Research, 2000, 31(4), 195-201.

Question 2

Distracted Driving

Accepted Answer

Chaudhary, N. K., Casanova-Powell, T. D., Cosgrove, L., Reagan, I., & Williams, A. (2012, August). Evaluation of NHTSA distracted driving demonstration projects in Connecticut and New York. (Report No. DOT HS 811 635). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.   Chaudhary, N. K., Connolly, J., Tison, J., Solomon, M., & Elliott, K. (2015, January). Evaluation of the NHTSA distracted driving high-visibility enforcement demonstration projects in California and Delaware. (Report No. DOT HS 812 108). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.   Cosgrove, L., Chaudhary, N., & Reagan, I. (2011). Four High-Visibility Enforcement Demonstration Waves in Connecticut and New York Reduce Hand-Held Phone Use National Highway Traffic Safety Administration DOT HS 811 845.   Cosgrove, L., Chaudhary, N., & Roberts, S. (2010). High Visibility Enforcement Demonstration Programs in Connecticut and New York Reduce Hand-Held Phone Use. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration DOT HS 811 376.   Schick, A., Vegega, M., & Chaudhary, N. (2014, April). Distracted Driving High-Visibility Enforcement Demonstrations in California and Delaware. (Traffic Tech. Report No. DOT HS 811 993). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration   Preusser Research Group, Inc. (2015, January). Process overview of the high-visibility enforcement programs targeting handheld device users in California and Delaware.(Report No. DOT HS 812 109). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

Question 3

Teen/Novice Driving

Accepted Answer

Braitman, KA, Kirley, BB, McCartt, AT, Chaudhary, NK (2008). Crashes of Novice Teenage Drivers: Characteristics and Contributing Factors. Journal of Safety Research, 39:47-54.   Cammisa, MX, Williams, AF, and Leaf, WA. Vehicles driven by teenagers in four states. 1999, Journal of Safety Research, 30(1),25-30   Campbell, BC, Chaudhary, NK, Salheen, H, Borrup, K and Lapidus, G (2009). Does knowledge of teen driving risks and awareness of current law translate into support for stronger GDL provisions? Lessons learned from one state. Traffic Injury Prevention, 4: 320-324.   Chaudhary, NK, Ferguson, SA and Herbel, SB (2004). Tennessee's novice driver safety project: A program to increase parental involvement. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5, 356-361.   Chaudhary, NK, William, AF and Nissen,W (2007) Evaluation and Compliance of Passenger Restrictions in a Graduated Driver Licensing Program. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. DOT HS 810 781.   Ferguson, S.A., Leaf, W.A., Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. Differences in young driver crash involvement in states with varying licensure practices. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1996, 28(2), 171-180.   Ferguson, S.A., Williams, A.F., Leaf, W.A., Preusser, D.F. and Farmer, C.M. Views of parents of teenagers about graduated licensing after experience with the laws. Journal of Crash Prevention and Injury Control, 2001, 2(3), 221-227.   Hartos, J.L., Nissen, W.J. and Simons-Morton, B.G. Acceptability of the Checkpoints parent-teen driving agreement. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2001, 21(2), 138-141.   McCartt, A.T. Graduated licensing systems: reducing crashes among teenage drivers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2001, 286(13), 1631-32.   McCartt, A.T., Leaf, W.A., Farmer, C.A., Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. Effects of Florida's graduated licensing program on the behaviors and attitudes of teenagers. Journal of Safety Research, 2001, 32(2), 119-131.   McCartt, A.T., Leaf, W.A., Preusser, D.F. and Farmer, C.A.. Graduated Licensing in Florida: The .02% BAC driving restriction. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety. Stockholm, Sweden, May 22-26, 2000.   McCartt, A.T., Shabanova, V. and Leaf, W.A.(2003) Crashes and Traffic Citations of Newly Licensed Teens in Relation to Months Elapsed and Miles Driven after Licensure. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA, January, 2001.   McCartt, A.T., Shabanova, V. and Leaf, W.A. Driving experience, crashes and traffic citations of teenage beginning drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 35:311-320.   Preusser, D.F. Initial licenses for young drivers. In, Graduated Licensing: Past Experiences and Future Status. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., April, 1996, Circular #458, 23-26.   Preusser, D.F. Licensing practices and crash risk in the United States. The Chronicle, 1996, 44(1), 6-13.   Preusser, D.F., Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. The effect of learner's permit requirements in Tennessee. Journal of Safety Research, 1999, 30(4), 211-217.   Preusser, D.F., Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. The effect of teenage passengers on the fatal crash risk of teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1998, 30(2), 217-222.   Preusser, D.F., Ferguson, S.A., Williams, A.F., Leaf, W.A. and Farmer, C.M. Teenage driver licensure rates in four states. Journal of Safety Research, 1998, 29(2), 97-105.   Preusser, D.F. and Leaf, W.A. (2003). Provisional License. Journal of Safety Research, 34: 44-49.   Preusser, D.F., Leaf, W.A., Ferguson, S.A. and Williams, A.F. Variations in teenage activities with and without a driver's license. Journal of Public Health Policy, 2000, 21(2), 224-239.   Preusser, D.F. and Tison, J. (2007). GDL Then and Now. Journal of Safety Research, 38: 159-163.   Preusser, D.F., Zador, P.L. and Williams, A.F. City curfew ordinances and teenage motor vehicle fatalities. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1993, 25(5), 641-645.   Simons-Morton, BG., Hartos, JL., Leaf, WA. and Preusser, DF., (2005) Persistence of effects of the Checkpoints Program on parental restrictions of teen driving privledges. American Journal of Public Health, 95(3): 447-452.   Ulmer, R.G., Ferguson, S.A., Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. Teenage crash reduction associated with delayed licensure in Connecticut. Journal of Safety Research, 2001, 32(1), 31-41.   Ulmer, R.G., Preusser, D.F., Ferguson, S.A., and Williams, A.F.(1999) Teenage crash reduction associated with delayed licensure in Louisiana. Journal of Safety Research,  30(1), 31-38.   Ulmer, R.G., Preusser, D.F., Williams, A.F., Ferguson, S.A. and Farmer, C.M. (2000).Effects of Florida's graduated licensing program on the crash rate of teenage drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32(4), 527-532.   Ulmer, R.G., Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F.(1997). Crash involvement of 16-year-old drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 28(2), 97-103.   Williams, A.F. and Chaudhary, N.K. (2008) Views of Connecticut Parents of Teens and Other Adults about Graduated Licensing Upgrades. Traffic Injury Prevention 9:503-507.   Chaudhary, NK, William, AF and Casanova, TD (2010) Parents’ Attitudes About Connecticut’s Required Driver Orientation Course for Parents. Traffic Injury Prevention,12:478-482.   Williams, A.F., Chaudhary N.K., Tefft B.C., Tison J., (2010) Evaluation of New Jersey's graduated driver licensing program. Traffic Inj Prev;11(1):1-7   Williams, A.F., Leaf, L.A., Simons-Morton, B.G. and Hartos, J.L. (2006).  Vehicles driven by teenagers in their first year of licensure. Traffic Injury Prevention, 7 23-30.   Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. Night driving restrictions for youthful drivers. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1997, 18(3), 334-345.   Williams, A.F. and Shabanova, V.I. Situational Factors in Seat Belt Use by Teenage Drivers and Passengers. Traffic Injury Prevention, 2002, 3, 201-204.   Williams, A.F., Ferguson, S.A., Leaf. W.A., and Preusser, D.F. Views of parents of teenagers about graduated licensing. Journal of Safety Research, 1998, 29(1), 1-7.   Williams, A.F., Nelson, L.A. and Leaf, W.A. Responses of Teenagers and Their Parents to California's Graduated Licensing System. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2002, 34, 835-842.   Williams, A.F., Preusser, D.F., and Ferguson, S.A. Fatal crashes involving 16-year-old drivers: narrative descriptions. Journal of Traffic Safety Medicine, 1998, 26(1-2), 11-17.   Williams, A.F., Preusser, D.F., Ferguson, S.A. and Ulmer, R.G. Analysis of fatal crash involvements of 15-year-old drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 1997, 28(1), 49-54.   Williams, A.F., Preusser, D.F., Ulmer, R.G. and Weinstein, H.B. Characteristics of fatal crashes of 16 year-old drivers: Implications for licensure policies. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1995, 16, 347-360. Zwicker, TJ, Williams, AF, Chaudhary, NK, and Farmer, CM (2006). Evaluation of California’s Graduated Licensing System. Final Report. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington VA. Available: http://www.iihs.org/research/paper_pdfs/mf_1857.pdf   Youth Alcohol   Hedlund, J.H., Ulmer, R.G. and Preusser, D.F. Determine Why There are Fewer Young Alcohol Impaired Drivers. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Report Number DOT-HS-809-348, September, 2001.   Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. Evaluation of Youth Peer-to-Peer Impaired Driving Programs. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Contract Number DTNH22-92-D-05270, available NTIS report number DOT HS 808 309, August, 1995.   Preusser, D.F. and Williams, A.F. Sales of alcohol to underage purchasers in three New York Counties and Washington, D.C. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1992, 13(3), 306-317.   Preusser, D.F., Ferguson, S.A., Williams, A.F., and Farmer, C.M. Underage access to alcohol: Sources of alcohol and use of false identification. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety. Annecy, France, September 21-26, 1997.   Preusser, D.F., Ulmer, R.G. and Preusser, C.W. Obstacles to Enforcement of Youthful (under 21) Impaired Driving. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, contract number DTNH22-91-C-05020, February, 1992.   Preusser, D.F., Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. Policing underage alcohol sales. Journal of Safety Research, 1994, 25(3), 127-133. Ulmer, R.G., Shabanova, V. and Preusser, D.F. Evaluation of Use and Lose Laws. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., report number DOT HS 809 285, June, 2001.

Question 4

Motorcycles

Accepted Answer

Farmer, C.M., Williams, A.F., Wells, J.K. and Preusser, D.F. Characteristics and Opinions of Motorcycle Owners in Three States. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA, April, 1996.   Preusser, D.F., Hedlund, J.H. and Ulmer, R.G. Evaluation of the Motorcycle Helmet Law Repeal in Arkansas and Texas. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, contract number DTNH22-97-D-05018, report number DOT HS 809 131, September, 2000.   Preusser, D.F., Williams, A.F. and Ulmer, R.G. Analysis of Fatal Motorcycle Crashes: Crash Typing. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1995, 27(6), 845-851.   Ulmer. R.G.,& Preusser,D.F. Evaluation of the Repeal of Motorcycle Helmet Laws in Kentucky and Louisiana. . Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, contract numberDTNH22-99-D-25099, report number DOT HS 809 530, October, 2003. https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/1729   Ulmer, R.G. & Shabanova-Northrup, V.  (2005).  Evaluation of the Repeal of the All-Rider Motorcycle Helmet Law in Florida. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, contract number DTNH22-99-D-25099, Report No. DOT HS 809 849. Available: http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/people/injury/pedbimot/motorcycle/FlaMCReport/pages/Index.htm

Question 5

Trucks

Accepted Answer

Braver, E.R., Preusser, C.W. and Ulmer, R.G. How Motor Carriers Determine Truck Driver Work Schedules: The Role of Shipper Demands. Journal of Safety Research, 1999, 30(3), 193-204.    Braver, E.R., Preusser, C.W., Preusser, D.F., Baum, H.M., Beilock, R. and Ulmer, R. Who violates work hour rules? A survey of tractor-trailer drivers. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1992, 13(3), 341-366.   Braver, E.R., Preusser, C.W., Preusser, D.F., Baum, H.M., Beilock, R. and Ulmer, R. Who violates work hour rules? A survey of tractor-trailer drivers. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1992, 13(3), 341-366.   Solomon, M.G., Braver, E.R. and Preusser, D.F. Commercial and Passenger Motor Vehicle Crashes on Toll Roads. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA, May, 1999.

Question 6

Alcohol and Drug Impaired Drivers

Accepted Answer

Haire, ER, Leaf, WA, and Solomon, MG. (In Process) Determining the Effectiveness of a Program to Reduce Breath Test Refusals in North Carolina Counties. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.   Hedlund, J. and Beirness, D. (In Process). The Use of Search Warrants in Four States to Obtain Blood Samples from Drivers Arrested for Impaired Driving Who Refuse a Breath Test. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.   Hedlund, J.H. and McCartt, A.T. Drunk Driving: Seeking Additional Solutions. Final report to the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. Washington, DC, May, 2002.   Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. Evaluation of Minnesota’s Vehicle Plate Impoundment Law for Impaired Drivers. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington DC,DOT HS 811 351, January, 2011.   Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. Effectiveness of Passive Alcohol Sensors. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington DC, available NTIS report number DOT HS 808 381, March, 1996.   Martin, S. and Preusser, D. Enforcement strategies for the persistent drinking driver. In Strategies for Dealing with the Persistent Drinking Driver. Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC. Transportation Research Circular Number 437, February, 1995, 38-43.   McCartt, A.T. Drowsiness and Alcohol: A Dangerous Combination. In Impaired Driving Update (in process).   McCartt, A.T. Evaluation of Enhanced Sanctions for Higher BACs: Summary of States' Laws. Technical report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Report number DOT HS 809 215, March, 2001.   McCartt, A.T., Geary, L.L. and Nissen, W.J. Observational Study of the Extent of Driving While Suspended for Alcohol-Impaired Driving. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, contract number DTNH22-98-D-45079, report number DOT HS 809 491, September, 2002.   Preusser, D.F. Identification of alcohol impairment on initial interview. In: Issues and Methods in the Detection of Alcohol and Other Drugs. Transportation Research Board Circular Number E-C020, Washington, DC, December, 2000.   Preusser, D.F., McCartt, A.T. and Martin, S.E. Impaired driving research needs and priorities. In: Alcohol and Other Drugs in Transportation. Transportation Research Board Circular Number 502, January, 2001.   Preusser, D.F., Ulmer R.G. and Preusser, C.W. Impaired driving detection and enforcement. Alcohol and Other Drugs in Transportation, Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., June, 1993, Circular #408, 60-66.   Solomon, MG, Hedlund, JL, Haire, ER and Chaffe, RH (2006). The 2006 National Labor Day Impaired Driving Crackdown: Drunk Driving. Over the Limit. Under Arrest. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington, D.C., Report number DOT HS 811 038.   Ulmer, R.G., Hedlund, J.H. and Preusser, D.F. Determine Why Alcohol-Related Fatalities Decreased in Five States. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Contract Number DTNH22-97-D-05018 (under review).   Wells, J.K., Preusser, D.F. and Williams, A.F. Enforcing Alcohol-Impaired Driving and Seat Belt Use Laws, Binghamton, New York. Journal of Safety Research, 1992, 23, 63-71.   Zwicker, TJ, Chaudhary, NK, Maloney, S, and Squeglia, R (2007). Connecticut’s Impaired Driving Publicity and Enforcement Campaign. Final Report. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 810 689.   Zwicker, TJ, Chaudhary, NK. Solomon, MG, Siegler, JN, Meadows, JD (2007). West Virginia’s impaired driving high-visibility enforcement campaign, 2003-2005. Final Report. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 810 792.   Zwicker, T. J., Hedlund, J. and Northrup, V. S. (2005). Breath Test Refusals in DWI Enforcement-An Interim Report. report no. DOT HS 809 876., National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Washington, DC.   Preusser, D.F., Ulmer, R.G. and Preusser, C.W. Evaluation of the Impact of the Drug Evaluation and Classification Program on Enforcement and Adjudication. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Contract Number DTNH22-91-C-05007, available NTIS report number DOT HS 808 058, December, 1992.   Ulmer, R.G., Carroll, C.R. and Preusser, D.F. Drug Evaluation and Classification (DEC) Program Site Experience. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Contract Number DTNH22-94-C-05007 (under review).   Zwicker, T. J., Preusser, D. F., and Compton, R. (2005). Incidence and Crash Risk of DrugImpaired Driving. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Traffic Review Board Conference on Drugs in Traffic. June 20 – June 21, 2005. Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Question 7

Crash Analysis

Accepted Answer

Braver, E.R., Preusser, D.F., Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. Major types of fatal crashes between trucks and cars. 40th Annual Proceedings. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Des Plaines, Illinois, 1996.   Braver, E.R., SOlomon, M.G., and Preusser, D.F. (2002) Toll road crashes of commercial and passenger motor vehicles. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 34:293–303.   McCartt, A.T., Northrup, V.S. and Retting, R.A. (2004). Types and characteristics of ramp-related motor vehicle crashes on urban interstate roadways in Northern Virginia. Journal of Safety Research 35, 107-114.   Preusser Research Group, Inc. Analysis of the Capital Beltway Crash Problem. In: Capital Beltway Safety Update. Capital Beltway Safety Team, Fairfax, VA, September, 1994.   Preusser Research Group, Inc. Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Contract Number DTNH22-97-D-05018, report number DOT HS 808 705, April, 1998.   Preusser, D.F., Wells, J.K., Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. Pedestrian crashes in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2002, 34, 703-10.   Preusser, D.F., Williams, A.F. and Ulmer, R.G. Analysis of Fatal Motorcycle Crashes: Crash Typing. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1995, 27(6), 845-851.   Preusser, D.F., Williams, A.F., Ferguson, S.A., Ulmer, R.G. and Weinstein, H.B. Fatal crash risk for older drivers at intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1998, 30(2), 151-160.   Retting, R.A., Farmer, C.M., Ferguson, S.A. and Weinstein, H.B. (2005). Reducing Urban Arterial Intersection Crashes through Crash Typing Analysis: A Case Study. Insurance Insitute for Highway Safety: Arlington, VA.   Retting, R.A., Ulmer, R.G. and Williams, A.F., (199). Prevalence and characteristics of red light running crashes in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention,31, 687-694.   Retting, R.A., Weinstein, H.B. and Solomon, M.G., (2003). Analysis of Motor Vehicle Crashes at Stop Signs in Four U.S. Cities. Journal of Safety Research,34 485-489.   Retting, R.A., Weinstein, H.B., Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F.. A simple method for identifying and correcting crash problems on urban arterials streets. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2001, 33, 723-734.   Retting, R.A., Williams, A.F., Preusser, D.F. and Weinstein, H.B. Classifying urban crashes for countermeasure development. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 1995, 27(3), 283-294.   Solomon, M.G., Braver, E.R. and Preusser, D.F. Commercial and Passenger Motor Vehicle Crashes on Toll Roads. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, VA, May, 1999.   Solomon, M.G., Preusser, D.F. and Leaf, W.A. Analysis of Capital Beltway Crashes; 1993 - 1996. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., available NTIS report number DOT HS 808 852, December, 1998.   Solomon, M.G., Preusser, D.F. and Leaf, W.A. Analysis of the Capital Beltway Crash Problem. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C., available NTIS report number DOT HS 808 393, March, 1996.   Ulmer, R.G., Williams, A.F. and Preusser, D.F. Crash involvement of 16-year-old drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 1997, 28(2), 97-103.   Williams, A.F. and Shabanova, V.I., (2003). Responsibilityof Drivers, by Age and Gender, for Motor Vehicle Crash Deaths. Journalof Safety Research 34, 527-531.   Williams, A.F. and Shabanova, V.I. Situational Factors in Seat Belt Use by Teenage Drivers and Passengers. Traffic Injury Prevention, 2002, 3, 201-204.   Williams, A.F., Preusser, D.F., Ferguson, S.A. and Ulmer, R.G., (1997). Analysis of fatal crash involvements of 15-year-old drivers. Journal of Safety Research,28(1), 49-54.   Williams, A.F., Preusser, D.F., Ulmer, R.G. and Weinstein, H.B. Characteristics of fatal crashes of 16 year-old drivers: Implications for licensure policies. Journal of Public Health Policy, 1995, 16, 347-360.

Question 8

Pedestrians and Bicycles

Accepted Answer

Karsch, H.M., Hedlund, J.H. and Leaf, W.A. Synthesis of Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Literature. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Contract Number DTNH22-98-D-45079,Task Order 03 (under review).   Leaf, W.A., Northrup, V.S., and Preusser, D.F. Evaluation of Alternative Approaches for Reducing Alcohol-Related Crashes Among Pedestrian Targets of Opportunity. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Contract Number DTNH22-98-D-45079, Task Order 12 (under review).   Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. Identification of Alcohol-Pedestrian Crash Problems Among Selected Racial/Ethnic Groups. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington DC, available NTIS report number DOT HS 808 641, September, 1997.   Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. Literature Review on Vehicle Travel Speeds and Pedestrian Injuries. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, report number DOT HS 809 021, October, 1999.   Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. Racial/ethnic patterns among pedestrian-alcohol crash fatalities. Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Alcohol Drugs and Traffic Safety. Stockholm, Sweden, May 22-26, 2000.   Preusser, D.F., Wells, J.K., Williams, A.F. and Weinstein, H.B. Pedestrian crashes in Washington, D.C. and Baltimore. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2002, 34, 703-10.   Shabanova, V. and Leaf, W.A. Laws and Ordinances that Promote Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety. Technical Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, contract number DTNH22-98-D-45079, Task Order 02 (under review).

Question 9

Other

Accepted Answer

Ferguson, S.A., Preusser, D.F.,Lund, A.L., Zador, P.L. and Ulmer, R.G.(1995) Daylight saving time and motor vehicle crashes: The reduction in pedestrian and vehicle occupant fatalities. American Journal of Public Health,85(1), 92-95.   Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. Evaluation of the 410 Alcohol Countermeasures Grant Program. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Contract Number DTNH22-94-C-05006 (under review).   Leaf, W.A. and Preusser, D.F. Review and Analysis of Community Traffic Safety Programs. Final Report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, January, 1994, Report Number DOT HS 808 116 (3 vols).   McCartt, A.T., and Solomon, M.G. (2004).Tracking traffic citations through court adjudications to posting to public driver records. Traffic Injury Prevention, 5 93-100.   McCartt, A.T., Hellinga, L.A. and Geary, L.L. (2006). Effects of Washington, D.C. law on drivers' heand-held cell phone use. Traffic Injury Prevention, 7 1-5.   Preusser Research Group, Inc. Report to Congress: Safe Communities. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, report number DOT HS 809 258, May, 2001.   Preusser, D.F., Williams, A.F., Ferguson, S.A., Ulmer, R.G. and Weinstein, H.B.(1998). Fatal crash risk for older drivers at intersections. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(2), 151-160.   Violano P, Driscoll C, Chaudhary NK, Schuster KM, Davis KA, Borer E,Winters JK, Hirsh MP. Gun buyback programs: a venue to eliminate unwanted guns in the community. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2014;77(3 Suppl 1):S46–S50. Aggressive Driving   McCartt, A.T., Leaf, W.A., Witkowski, T.L. and Solomon, M.G. Evaluation of the Aggression Suppression Program, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Contract Number DTNH22-98-H-05107 (under review).    Preusser Research Group, Inc. Capital Beltway Update: Beltway User Focus Groups. Final report to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Contract Number DTNH22-97-D-05018, report number DOT HS 808 705, April, 1998.   Williams, A.F.and Shabanova, V.I., (2003). Responsibility of drivers, by age and gender, for motor-vehicle crash deaths. Journal of Safety Research, 34 527-531.

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